The Norwegian, aged 21 years and 129 days, struck a late volley after coming on for his 50th Bundesliga appearance.
Wout Weghorst had given Wolfsburg the lead before an Emre Can penalty and Donyell Malen effort turned the game.
Dortmund briefly went top, but Bayern Munich beat Arminia Bielefeld 1-0 to go back above them.
Leroy Sane’s well-struck effort from outside the box helped Bayern Munich break a 44-year record. They have scored 102 Bundesliga goals in 2021, beating Cologne’s record of 101 in 1977.
Haaland’s goal for Dortmund was his 10th in just seven games of a season interrupted by a hip flexor muscle injury that had sidelined him since mid-October.
It was a positive end to a week that saw Dortmund crash out of the Champions League on Wednesday with a 3-1 loss to Sporting Lisbon.
With their sixth win in the last seven league matches, Dortmund moved up to 30 points, one below champions Bayern.